Russo Japanese War

The Russo Japanese war is a war that grew out of rivalries over imperial ambitions of the Japanese and the Russian empires because of the control of Manchuria and the Korean region. The major areas of battle was in the area that is currently, the southern Manchuria along the liadong peninsula and the Mukden region near Korea and adjacent to the yellow sea. The Russians had been searching for warm water on the pacific to satisfy their maritime trade and navy ambitions.

 They were being restricted by the treaty of Vladivostok that was only operational during the summer period. After the end of the first Sino Japanese war the Russian tsar wanted to establish talks with the Japanese who were reluctant to give up their hold on Korea (Jukes 20). To maintain the exclusive hold that they had on Korea, the Japanese chose to go on war rather than have amicable talks with the Russians that would have led to their giving up of their dominion.

European nations and the united states of America expected Russian to win the war but the war went contrary to the expectation of many because the fledging military of Japan attained a solid win over Russia and all their forces that had allied with them and it is the dissatisfaction by the tsar regime over the loss to Japan that led to the Russian revolution. This paper will focus on how the Russo Japanese war was reported by concentrating on two newspaper articles that were written at that time and by analyzing two accounts of modern works about the conflict (Jukes 27).
Article reports of the Russo Japanese war in 1905
Article one Battle of Mukden and Sandepu from the British paper, The Guardian
 
The guardian was one of the newspapers that had sent a large number of journalists to cover the Russo Japanese war and its reportage of the war was very comprehensive. This article focuses on the mid part of the battle that started with the fall of Port Arthur. The article explains how the Japanese gained the stronghold of the positions held by Russia in the Mukden area as the severe winter in Manchuria set on.
Though the Russians were driven out by the Japanese, they camped less than 7O miles away from the Japanese according to the article. The article takes an anti Japanese perspective while attempting to show Russia as the aggrieved party and adopts a position that shows as if the Japanese are the ones losing the battle (The guardian 44). This is because most European nations including the Great Britain where the guardian is published did not want Japan to win this battle and that is why the report lays out an anti
Japanese perspective in its execution.

The other focus of the article is the immediate reaction of the Russian army under the guidance of Oscar Grippenberg who led a severe attack on the Japanese near the city of Sandepu. The article was adopting a very panegyric tone especially because it was an almost breakthrough for Russia that would have seen the Japanese vanquished. However, as the article notes out, the Russian purge stalled in the middle thus allowing the Japanese to regroup immediately and launch a counter attack (The Guardian 45).

The Japanese managed to attack the Russians before they gained entry into the trans-Siberian rail road in Manchuria. The battle proceeded to Mukden after the defeat of Russian. In that battle they would have easily won were they not easily distracted by their top general Kuyropatkin.  The Russians were surrounded by the Japanese at Mukden creating a fierce war that forced Russia to curve backward on to the defensive after the pressure from the Japanese became intense. The retreat by Russia was the first sign of the collapse by the Russian that brought to the world the strange reality that Russians were easily losing the battle.

The article denotes the confusion that gripped the Russian forces after being besieged by the Japanese arguing that had Russians curves forward on the offensive they would have easily outsmarted the Japanese (The Guardian 44). The Russians were then forced to withdraw from Mukden and the forces had to disintegrate as fighting units that were continuously hunted by the Japanese. The article is quick to conclude that the Japanese did not win this battle because of their military strength over Russian but because of their execution of the plan of war that would always catch the Russians off guard and the Russians lost because of the confusion brought about by their lack of military plans.

The retreating Russian Manchurian Army formations disintegrated as fighting units, but the Japanese failed to destroy them completely. The Japanese themselves had suffered large casualties and were in no condition to pursue. Although the battle of Mukden was a major defeat for the Russians it had not been decisive, and the final victory would depend on the navy.

Article two Victory at Tsushima, the Post
This article from a British newspaper focuses on the battle at Tsushima where the second pacific squadron of the Russians went to try and recapture Port Arthur that had been the dominion of the Japanese since the battle of Sandepu. The article documents that while at Madagascar, the fillet heard that the port had fallen and had to change routes and use the Vladivostok one instead of passing through the Tsushima straight where the Japanese were camping (The post 21). This is because it was very dangerous to them. The article makes an analysis of Admiral Toga who was making keen progress on the sail of the Russian towards the fallen port as he laid out the battle plans that would be used to rescue the port.  In the analysis, the article puts across some of the challenges that faced the Russian in their progress towards the fallen port such as the fact that the Japanese retained the cruisers that had helped them to defeat Russia at Mukden. In the article, there is a description of how the Russians acquired 18 more sheep to beef up the squadron in attempt to ambush the Japanese.

The article explains how the Russian fleet traveled at height to avoid being discovered but unfortunately, one of the ships emitted a light that was sighted by the Japanese armed cruised who immediately made plans of countering the movement of the Russians. There was a fierce engagement between the Japanese and the Russians at the Tsushima straight and according to this article the whole Russian fleet was completely annihilated by the Japanese. Only three Russian vessels out of 38 escaped and went back to Vladivostok after this conquest, the Japanese army entered the Sakhalin islands as the Russians sued for peace.  In the report, the article details how the confidence of the Russians was shaken by the defeat and the mediation that was spearheaded by the American president Theodore Roosevelt led to the president winning the Nobel peace prize in 1905 (The post 22)
   
Russian was forced to recognize Korea as part of the sphere of influence of the Japanese and was also forced to evacuate Manchuria. The article finishes by reporting how Russia involuntarily agreed to sign a 25 year rights of leasehold to Port Arthur that included a naval base and the whole peninsula around it. Russia was also forced to cede half of the Sakhalin islands to Japan though it was later regained by Russia because majority of the politicians in Japan did not support such acquisition (Daily mail 19).

Modern report of the Russo Japanese War
A) The biography of admiral Heihachiro Togo from the book by George Blond, Georges. Published in 2000
 Heihachiro Togo was a fleet admiral in the Japanese Navy and was chiefly involved in the Japanese victory at the Russo Japanese war (Times 14). He is one of the greatest naval heroes that ever lived in the Eastern side of the world and the western journalist often called him the nelson of the east. Togo had been involved in the various wars that Japan had engaged in especially the Franco war and the Sino Japanese war and in 1903 he was made the commander in chief of the Imperial Japanese navy combined fleet (Blond 9). This is because the minister in charge believed that Togo was a man of good fortune. Most of his achievements were gotten during the Russo Japanese war where the admiral helped Japan to destroy the Baltic fleet of the Russians at Port Arthur in 1905.

The major areas of battle was in the area that is currently, the southern Manchuria along the liadong peninsula and the Mukden region near Korea and adjacent to the yellow sea. The Russians had been searching for warm water on the pacific to satisfy their maritime trade and navy ambitions. They were being restricted by the treaty of Vladivostok that was only operational during the summer period (Blond 11). After the end of the first Sino Japanese war the Russian tsar wanted to establish talks with the Japanese who were reluctant to give up their hold on Korea. Admiral Togo shocked the world with an upset that he caused by defeating the Russians at Tushima and this historic win that was engineered by the admiral was the one that broke the Russian domination and strength inn the eastern part of Asia triggering numerous uprisings in the Russian navy in Vladivostok. In 1906, Togo was made a member of the order of merit of the British by the reigning king Edward the fourth (Blonde 14). He later became the chief of the general naval force and a member of the supreme war council. In 1913, he received the honorific title of the fleet admiral. He never entered politics because he had shown a strong dislike for the subject.
            
The treaty of Portsmouth is the treaty that formally ended the Russo Japanese war and was signed in November 1905 after negotiations were made at the naval shipyard in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in the United States of America (Jukes 57). The treaty forced both the warring sides, Japan and Russia to evacuate Manchuria and it sated that its sovereignty would be returned to china. In the treaty, the Liadong peninsula that contained Port Arthur was to be leased to Japan while Russia would used its rail system to access its strategic resources in Manchuria.
                 
Japan also received half of the island called Sakhalin from Russia, though it was later returned. In the treaty, Japan was the party that gained a lot and but what Japan got was less than the people of Japan had expected (Pent 6). This caused the hibiya riots that led to the collapse of the Katsura Taros regime. Then president of the United States of America at the time was Theodore Roosevelt and he is the one who led the negotiations that established the treaty of Portsmouth in New Hampshire in the year 1905 leading to the end of the Russo Japanese war. For his efforts, President Roosevelt won the noble peace prize that year (Jukes 59). The negotiations lasted a whole month and prior to this treaty the Japanese had signed the Taft agreement with the United States of America in the same year where the two countries agreed that the US will increase its dominance in the Philippines while Japan would continue its stronghold on Korea.
              
In the Portsmouth treaty, the two warring sides were seeking peace and Russian was in dire need pf peace because subsequent defeats by the Japanese had left the country in a dire financial situation. The treaty also extended the Anglo Japanese treaty with the United Kingdom that allowed it to cover the whole of East Asia and Britain allowed Japan to take control of Korea and Russia was forced to leave behind its policies of expansion in Korea, something that was not taken well by the Japanese (Jukes 60).

Osborne and Langdon have each written articles on the uses of epigraphy in discerning land use in Attica. As Osborne says, the quantity of literary evidence is small and what there is is partial and gives contradictory indications (Osborne 1985 119) and therefore we must rely very heavily upon the results of archaeological investigation (Osborne 1985 119). Osborne lists various types of archaeological data, including field survey and structural remains, as well as epigraphy in his article before focusing primarily on epigraphic evidence.

Osborne examines the epigraphic evidence, particularly that of the Delian hiera sungraphe, at great length (Osborne 1985 120). There are several advantages to this data in some cases foundations have been found for the structures documented, and in others the records list structural features of the properties, such as doors, beams and pillars (Osborne 1985 120). Osborne remains critical, however, of making an interpretation based on these features and says, The terms used seem to have become conventional, if not quite technical and makes the example that doorless room with oven seems to be used to describe what was in fact the potters kiln (Osborne 1985 120).

Firm definitions of the words are necessary for creating an accurate picture of the kind and extent of residence on the estate which the presence of these structures implies (Osborne 1985121). In his response to Osbornes writing, Langdon also mentions the importance of terms in understanding the epigraphic evidence, but suggests that Osborne has misinterpreted the farm in Ancient Greek and dismisses as simply a general term for land, when Langdon argues, based on literary sources, that commonly meant farm (Langdon 1991 209). It is obvious through this argument, as well as Osbornes own, that different interpretations of the available data are possible, considering the lack of solid definitions for most of the terms involved. Unlike Osborne, Langdon relies quite heavily on literary sources at the beginning of his article, and touches briefly on the epigraphic and archaeological sources in the latter part.

Langdon is quite critical not only of the epigraphic data itself, but also of Osbornes treatment and interpretation of it. Both articles rely heavily on one form of evidence  Osbornes on the epigraphic and Langdons on the literary  and both fail to provide a complete picture of all of the available evidence on the subject of land use in Attica.

Casa del Sacello Iliaco

As with a number of excavated Pompeian households, interpreting the possible functions and sequence of events that shaped the layout and decoration of the Casa del Sacello Iliaco is a difficult task. The process of understanding the various aspects of the house are complicated by the disruptive effects of the earthquake in A.D. 62 and the calamitous volcanic eruption in A.D. 79. The phase that stretches from roughly before the quake up until the eruption saw the house undergo many functional changes which entailed a number of attempts at restoration and redecoration.

The entranceway a, judging from the stuccoed cornice on the architrave and the scattered coloured tessarae used for the pavement, served only as a decorative entrance to the house. The front hall b seems to have been the domestic center of the house. Findings such as the bone hinges, upright doors of cupboards and the cupboard in the corner of the room that contained glass and ceramic vessels suggest its function as a typical Pompeian hall and a decorative storage area for domestic items. Parts of the roof of the hall collapsed after the eruption, thus dropping some of the items from the upper floor onto the sheet of lapilli below. The coarse plastering and lack of any breaches testify to the preservation of the room and rules out rearrangement after A.D. 62.

Rooms c and d, not unlike the rest of the house, seem to have been in the process of decoration when the earthquake hit. The Fourth Style decoration originally intended for room c was left unfinished after the quake and used for storage instead. The variety of items found in this room range from two pestles, ten bronze feet to weapons and a glass bottle suggest that the initial plan for the room to be turned into a dining area was abandoned to make way for a storage room. Room d was complete with Fourth Style dcor before the quake.

Archeology    2
The ornamental bed with the Julio-Claudian coin above it suggests that it was later turned into a makeshift bedroom.

The stairway st leads to room l which seems to have been used as a downgraded bedroom suggested by the placement of a bed in a room with incomplete decoration. The hazelnuts that were left in the room suggest that the occupants left in a hurry possibly at the time of the eruption.

The Fourth Style decoration in room i was completed before the quake and seems to have been designed to function as a dinette. A similarly ornamental room is room h. Since there are no breaches in the walls, the volcanic deposits probably came in from the hall b or the upper floor. This room appears to have been used as a storage area for valuables like statues and jewelry.  Room e was partially decorated in the Fourth style the blue frieze, cornice of ovoli and the size of the room suggesting that it was possibly meant to be a religious area. But as with the other room, this one was downgraded as well and used as another storage area, mostly for domestic items such as glass vessels.  Yet another storage area was room f. The remnants of one cupboard found there revealed mostly domestic items such as glass and bronze vessels, and some possibly valuable items such as the two iron and ivory furniture legs. The fish bones found in one of the vessels suggest that the room had been abandoned in a hurry. 

Corridor g leads to the courtyard m which served as an open area. The gypsum left over from the repair work that was found here suggests the repairs had been stopped or abandoned. The random other findings like the axe could possibly have been used during the time work was being carried out. One of the rooms around the courtyard, room n was used as a kitchen the cooking hearth, tripod and cooking vessels testify to this. The building materials found in the adjacent room o suggest that it was being used as a makeshift storage area around the time of the eruption.

Rooms r and s1 is another room which was possibly meant to be a functional space but ended up being abandoned unfinished. Rooms p and q were decorated in the Second Style which indicates that they belonged to the Casa del Criptoportico before they were bought. Both rooms are ornamental and were possibly intended to be converted to the Fourth style at some later stage. Neither of the rooms yielded any findings which indicates that they were not inhabited at the point of the eruption. A wooden mallet and a mortar were found along with gypsum in room s which suggests it was being used as a preparation area for the plaster. Although the work seems to have ceased a while before the eruption, the room was not cleaned up or inhabited. The large breach in one of the room walls makes it hard to accurately state what was held in the room. Finally, the upper levels above the courtyard m yielded mostly valuables such as lamps, cosmetic items and some domestic items like ceramic vessels. The upper rooms seemed to have been used for either storage alone or both storage and occupancy.

Based on the information gathered from the remains of the house, Casa del Sacello Iliaco seems to have been divided into three functional zones during the final occupancy. Rooms c, d and l were used as makeshift bedrooms. All the other rooms from the entrance a to the courtyard m were used as storage areas for domestic items and valuables. The back part of the house, including the rooms acquired from Casa del Criptoportico were largely neglected and used as storage areas for building materials.

Who is the author How does this influence the perspective expressed by the document What does the document reveal about the author

The author of the suffrage cartoons entitled I Wonder if its Really Becoming, were Elizabeth Smith Miller and her daughter Anne Fitzhugh Miller. It was conceptualized between 1897 and 1922 in an effort to give women the right to vote. Besides, these two ladies were acknowledged as major contributors in the campaign for womens suffrage movement.  Their strong influence in the society provides a tremendous impact on the message of the illustration. Also, the picture tells about the character and personality of the women who demanded for the rights to vote.
   
Primarily, the cartoon highlights a prominent lady as suggested in her hat and dress that is belonging to an affluent society. The gesture is lady-like which seems difficult to resist in case of the American men.  This gesture is being illustrated in the way the woman project herself in the eyes of the two men on her right side, in the way she dressed herself which made her sophisticated and respected, as well as in the way the message is conveyed. Generally, the woman used her charm and beauty to send off her appeal for the right for suffrage.  She did not use harsh words but her thought was revealed in a modest manner.
   
Furthermore, the character of the lady in the picture suggests her intelligence and knowledge of the existing culture of American men of that period. Since they fought for their right, they explored different strategy to carry out what they longed for. This was given emphasis in the dress and the hat as they imply superiority andor equality with men in some sense.  This is very obvious in the facial expression of the lady in the picture most obviously in the message on the feather in the hat, we are good as the men  and better.
   
Hence, the illustration reveals the ladies behind the picture as prominent, affluent, intelligent, and important people in the society.
When was the document created  Does this help to explain any aspects of the document  Does the document reveal anything about women andor womens activism in the period
  
The document was created during the break of the twentieth century where North America was at the peak of economic and political progress.  Many aspects in the picture suggest its timeline as well as the existing political and social condition of North America of that period.
   
In the first place, the cartoon illustration that depicted womens campaign for equality of rights to suffrage was simple and yet conveyed very strong message given the attitudes of the characters and the easy-to-understand message attached onto it. Obviously, comic strips or cartoon illustration became popular in America during this period to promote political and social views.
   
Secondly, the image of the characters is another proof that it was made sometime in the early years of twentieth century.  As a matter of fact, the illustration shows the period where there was distinction of sexes men do not mingle closely with women in public places the lady in the picture walks on a different direction away with men. The gesture of the lady implies that she is insisting her right no matter what men would say about her.  Also, the dress of the characters, which is similar to that of the Europeans, is an indication that it was made during that time.
   
Lastly, the document clearly illustrates the womens activism. One powerful evidence is the message posted on the hat of the lady which says that they are as good as men  and better. The facial expression of men in the picture expresses confusion and ridiculous attitude towards the lady.  It portrays that it is unusual for ladies of that time to go on public to display dissatisfaction or to promote their rights.
What was the original purpose of the document Do you feel that the producer of the document accomplished hisher purpose Why or why not
   
The document was made as a means to publicly convey their thoughts and admiration which was to be given the opportunity to take part in the suffrage. Everyone could imagine then that the condition and welfare of women of that period was different from today because important position in the public and private offices were occupied and dominated by men. We can therefore conclude that women were discriminated by men.
   
Given this, the authors would like to portray that women like men are capable to think and choose the right leaders for the country.  Like men, they had rights to practice and to protect. Again, the dress, the hat, and the gestures illustrate dignity and identity, which for them is important to consider why they must be given the right to vote and to practice that right with acceptance from the society.
   
Based on the historical outcome, the authors purpose was accomplished because American women now enjoy a lot of privileges. However, to look at the authors purpose of delivering a strong message that women have the moral fibre to claim for that right, I guess they were successful because it leaves a strong impact despite simplicity of idea and presentation. The cartoon illustration is very suggestive of the existing culture and the existing problem as it was presented using two men and one lady in her excellent and gorgeous attire.
   
Indeed, the authors accomplished their ultimate purpose because many people had read it published in important newspapers in their country. The simple request of recognizing their rights particularly the right to vote which had no intention to resort to a violent argumentation with the male group is effective enough to be given consideration.
What does the document reveal about attitudes toward women at the time it was written Try to explain the reasons for those attitudes.
   
Closer look reveals a number of attitudes towards women that were evident in the document. The two men gazing at the woman looks astonished and wondering about the peculiar image of the woman. Apparently, those gestures depict reactions which were based on a cultural orientation of the time. For the two men, the image they were seeing was representing folly in the sense that the woman looks weird to them.

They cannot understand what she was driving at because their mind set was attached to the existing normative male superiority context. This reflects an attitude that not only looks down on women as subordinate to men but also relegating women to domestic roles. It could be noticed that the men were not surprised on the woman style of dress but on the cap she was wearing. Indeed, what was astonishing for the men were that, the woman was wearing a cap worn only by distinguished men with demands asserting their rights, written on each leaves a top the cap. 
   
This attitude was obviously defiance to the womens movement that they are given equal rights with men, asserting that they can do also what men can do and that they can sometimes eve do it better than men.
   
The mens gestures also depict an attitude that do not approved of the women movement simply on the ground that during the pre industrialization context, womens domain was the home. This reflects a general feeling that men were more contented their wives were in the home taking care of the family. That is, the reactions of the men were based on the context of the separation of roles between husband and wife being the home as the domain of the wife and to earn for the family being the responsibility of the husband. While this may be seen as positive agenda for the family, but this attitude towards women also reflect a condition that was unfavorable to womens assertion for the recognition of their rights.

Discuss major arguments for and against Cherokee removal.

President Andrew Jackson, an ardent Nationalist, wanted an autonomous nation. He believed that whites and Indians should not live together His solution to this problem was for the Cherokee and other Indians to go west and form their own commonwealths. The state of Georgia also supported the removal because at first the Cherokee did not want to lose its sovereignty Once the Cherokee did begin to assimilate, Georgia was still not ready to accept the Cherokee, due mostly to its white citizens finding the Cherokee were inferior and a desire to own more land. Eventually even some members of the Cherokee tribe began to advocate for removal, seeing it as inevitable.

There were many people who opposed the removal of the Cherokee. Among travelers that had interacted with the Cherokee, it was regarded that the tribe was kind and helpful. Many white people had comfortably assimilated into the Cherokee nation and recognized the Cherokees attempt at assimilating to European culture. After a member of the tribe, Elias Boudinot, began writing articles concerning the plight of the Indian and exposing the hypocrisy of the United States government, more people became aware of the situation and began to speak against the removal.

The most vocal and influential supporter of the rights of Indians during this time was Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen. He believed that Indians were entitled to the same rights as everyone else and should not be forced to do anything, particularly move from a land they had inhabited for centuries. The senator asked his fellow lawmakers to put themselves in the Indians place, remember what the Revolutionary War was fought for and reminded Congress that there did already exist treaties stating that Indian Territories were sovereign nations. Also, the Supreme Court showed its support towards the Cherokee by ruling in favor of a preacher who refused to recognize Georgia law within Indian Territory. This support was not effective for the governor of Georgia ignored the ruling and President Jackson did not attempt to uphold it.

The Law Relating to Marriage and Divorce in Early Ireland

History reveals that different cultures and different periods of time have presented very diverse practices in marriage and divorce. Medieval women, for instance, faced dual responsibilities within their family and religion, while women in Egypt were given rights that are relatively equal to what their husbands enjoyed. Throughout history, many of the marriages in several cultures have been arranged by families. Most couples were forced to marry for economic liaisons and not because they were in love. As a result, the man and woman involved did not have much to say regarding their families decision. Aside from this widespread marriage tradition, marriages of some cultures require a bride price and involve a dowry and some form of dating or courtship. In early Ireland, to be specific, the laws relating to marriage and divorce reveal that a woman was provided not only with equal protection as those provided to a man but also with significant power. For this reason, this paper will comprehensively examine the veracity of this very fascinating claim by carefully examining a number of reliable references, including Internet sites and books. 

Marriage Practices and Laws 
In Ireland, the primary sources of information for its early history of marriage and divorce practices are found in several laws that are written in Latin and Irish (Corrin, 2010). The sources reveal that the rights of Irish women regarding marriage and divorce were broader than those of other women in early Europe. The comprehensiveness of the rights provided to Irish women was reflected in its laws that authorized different types of lnamnas or marriage contracts. These contracts were basically divided into three groups (1) the lnamnas comthinchuir, (2) the lnamnas for ferthinchur, and (3) the lnamnas for bantinchur (Corrin, 2010). Lnamnas comthinchuir is basically a marriage of common participation, wherein both man and woman can equally contribute funds to the marital property. The lnamnas for ferthinchur is another marriage contract that is founded on man-contribution, which is an understanding wherein the preponderance of the marriage properties was given by the man. Finally, the lnamnas for bantinchur is another marriage arrangement that is based on woman contribution, wherein the bulk of the funds was brought by the woman. An excellent and appropriate marriage contract could therefore effectively secure a womans status in local society.
   
Early Irish people, living in a Christian nation, generally believed that marriage is a bond between two people that demands legalities and responsibilities as well as challenge and commitment. For that reason, marriage was promoted by the church not only to protect the family, to provide rights to women, or bear the desires of true love, but also to uphold the legitimate status of offspring and the latters right to the family properties. However, despite the opposition of Christian ecclesiastical rule-makers and theologians, Irish laws authorised the practices of divorce and remarriage at the option of either the man or woman (Schaus, 2006, p. 410). Distressingly, because of this particular law, many Irish women of very high status exploited the effects of the law by switching husbands when demanded by their personal or their families political ambitions.

Divorce Practices and Laws
Divorce generally means the severance of marriage union and all direct legal relationships previously existing between the husband and the wife. In plain words, marriage generates a family relationship while divorce ends that relationship. Throughout the years, the grounds for divorce have been very complicated, and the eligibility for remarriage is as well an astoundingly complex issue. However, these common issues, which have distressed different cultures throughout different periods, were easily resolved in early Ireland when its government provided equal rights to both husband and wife. 
   
Following the division of Ireland, divorce was practiced in Northern Ireland from 1939 onwards, while divorce was possible before and up to 1937 in the Republic of Ireland (Genealogy Digest, n.d.). After the establishment of the Republics 1937 Constitution, divorce was outlawed in the country until the middle of 1990s when the provisions relating to divorce in the constitution were amended, and the passage of the Family Law Act of 1996 (Divorce in Ireland, 2009). Back in the early Ireland, specifically during the days of the Brehon Laws, there were already highly developed set of divorce rules being implemented in the nation. Initially, the practice of divorce has never been openly accepted in view of the fact that the Catholic Church, which was apparently very influential, views marriage as a permanent union between man and a woman that is witnessed by God and cannot be infringed by any worldly law (Genealogy Digest, n.d.).
   
However, starting 1848, informal desertion and separation slowly became prevalent in Ireland, as husbands were allowed to file a private separation action against their wives. Eventually, in 1882, wives were given by the Irish Parliament with the same rights as their husbands with regard to divorce. From this time until the 20th century, magistrate courts were authorized to issue protection orders against a husband who abandoned his children and wife (Genealogy Digest, n.d.). Likewise, traditional laws allowed a woman to leave her husband who abused her, became insane or impotent, caught in a homosexual act, or became a celibate churchman (Schaus, 2006, p. 410). Surprisingly, the power of Irish women was even more broadened as additional laws allowed a woman to dissolve her marriage to her husband if the latter shared with other people the privacies of their sex life or if her husband insulted her. 
   
In addition, the womens right to obtain a share in the common family properties on occasion of a divorce was likewise respected. Following the marriage contracts, divorce under lnamnas comthinchuir mandated equal distribution of the properties between the husband and wife on all properties obtained during the marriage. Under Lnamnas for ferthinchur, the woman, on occasion of divorce, however, will take a much reduced share of the properties acquired during the existence of marriage given that from the start of marriage she provided neither stock nor land to the common fund. In contrast, in divorce under lnamnas for bantinchur, a man generally does not receive anything from the common fund for the simple reason that he did not contribute any property during the marriage. However, in the latter case, if the man performs an active function in the administration of his wifes properties, then the wife can reward him on the occasion of a divorce. 
   
Marriage has customarily been acknowledged as the union of a man and a woman. In line with this universally accepted definition, early Irish people likewise believed that marriage is a bond between two people that brings about responsibilities, challenges and commitment. For that reason, Irish believed that every woman should be provided with the same or even more rights than men with regard to marriage and divorce practices. Some of the most evident verifications of this protection and power were the passage of laws that provided different marriage contracts, which both man and woman were allowed to equally choose the laws that allowed divorce and remarriage at the instance of either man or woman and the ensuing distribution of properties on the occasion of divorce. Because of these significant and overflowing evidences relating to marriage and divorce practices in early Ireland, it is without doubt that women were provided not only protection but also significant power.

Historian

History . . . is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind.
These words of Edward Gibbon amply illustrate the importance of the subject. In fact History is a product of the inquisitive mind of mankind. We are curious to know as what happened in the past. More so it is curiosity that drives us to know such things. But an intelligent man or civilization will learn a lot from the past so that their future is devoid of follies.

Historian should always pay attention to details while going through the past. But he should record things which are only relevant to the present and the past.

Many a times students get bored about history as it contains lots of dated and war details.
One should know the importance of time.  Consider the work Outlines of  World history  by H.G.Wells. Though he mentions the time of a particular event, he never makes it boring. For example while referring to Jesus Christ he would say  Two thousand years ago . This type of narration would make us think of the gravity of the time in which we are living and the importance of Jesus Christ, who preached Love and brotherhood.

So also some of the aspects in history may appear amusing. You may take note of various volumes of Rise and fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon. There is a chapter pertaining to the public works undertaken by the then government. He also makes a note of the payments made to the labourers. The amount, mode of payment and the way it was being utilised.
When we go through such details, we will be astonished to know the existence of certain things which may look absurd now. But if you consider it much deeply, one will be able to appreciate the growth of mankind through the ages.

A historian while documenting the incidents of the past, should pay attention to details  no doubt. But their relevance should be felt by the reader.

That is why the book  Outlines of World History is such a popular book even today. It is read and referred by laymen even today for the authors considered opinion. Also it makes an interesting reading for any one.
The scholars sometimes live in their own world, devoid of the realities. They expect every one to appreciate them. Whereas they do not consider the limitations of a ordinary people. They should also know that if a work of great importance just lies in a library, read by none is rather a waste of their energy and precious time. Rather they should reach out to people and make them understand the real importance of history.
For that I think H.G.Wells is a standing example of how a historian can be precise and at the same time  make an interesting reading.

History is that face of mankind which always lies hidden. To appreciate  the beauty of this hidden face, one will have to have a distinct outlook. That out look which is called  right perspective. Then only a historian will be able to provide a record of events that are more meaningful and useful to the coming generations.